Antibacterial activity of ethanolic clove Syzygium aromaticum extract against multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31210/spi2025.28.04.19Keywords:
Syzygium aromaticum, clove extract, antibacterial activity, multidrug-resistant bacteria, eugenol, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniaeAbstract
The development of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria is a significant global health concern, making the search for novel antimicrobial drugs crucial. Eugenol, a phenolic compound found in high concentration in Syzygium aromaticum (clove), is well known for its broad-spectrum antibacterial properties. The study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of ethanolic clove Syzygium aromaticum extract against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae). Bacterial isolates (E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa) were obtained from animal with infectious diseases and subsequently confirmed by cultivation on several plates of solidified agar media and incubation at 37 °C for 24 hours. Clove powder was processed into ethanolic extracts using standard maceration and evaporation techniques. Four concentrations of antibacterial activity (50 %, 25 %, 12.5 %, and 6.25 %) were tested using the agar well diffusion method. The results showed a concentration-dependent inhibitory effect, with the highest inhibition zones observed at 50 % concentration: E. coli (25 mm), P. aeruginosa (24 mm), and K. pneumoniae (20 mm). No inhibitory activity was observed at the 6.25 % concentration. Among the three microorganisms studied, the E. coli test culture demonstrated the highest sensitivity to ethanolic clove extract at concentrations of 12.5, 25.0, and 50.0 %, with growth inhibition zones of 16.0, 21.0 and 25.0 mm, respectively. In contrast, K. pneumoniae demonstrated the smallest inhibition zone (20 mm) at the highest extract concentration (50 %). Furthermore, research indicates that the combined use of clove extract with conventional antibiotics may result in a synergistic antibacterial effect. In conclusion, clove extract shows encouraging antibacterial activity against MDR Gram-negative bacteria and warrants futher research for potential medical application.
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