Physiological aspects of adaptive plasticity of Solanum tuberosum L. varieties and hybrids under variations of the hydrothermal regime in the Polissia region of Ukraine
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31210/spi2025.28.04.02Keywords:
potato, breeding material, plant water homeostasis, adaptive potential, water stress (abiotic), physiological response, genetic differentiation for water deficit toleranceAbstract
The research aimed to reveal the specific features of adaptive plasticity expression in varieties and hybrids of different maturity groups by analysing the dynamics of physiological indicators of the water regime during critical phases of plant growth. The research was conducted under field conditions at the Polissia Research Department of the Institute for Potato Research, NAAS (Zhytomyr Polissia) in 2024–2025 and involved 45 potato genotypes. Water retention capacity (WRC) and water recovery capacity (WReC) coefficients were assessed under laboratory conditions by sampling leaf material at the following growth stages: budding, flowering, active tuber formation, and yield accumulation. These measurements were taken in parallel with the determination of the hydrothermal coefficient (HTC). A consistent decrease in WRC by 16–20 % and WReC by 15–30 % was observed throughout the growth phases, reflecting the progressive water stress experienced by the plants. Early-ripening varieties showed the highest sensitivity to stress, whereas hybrid material of all maturity groups exhibited relatively greater stability of these parameters. Middle-early hybrids demonstrated a more stable water regime compared with varieties of the same maturity group, particularly in terms of water balance recovery. Mid-ripening genotypes exhibited the highest level of water homeostasis, even in the later stages of ontogenesis (WRC = 59 %, WReC = 86 %). Correlation analysis confirmed the presence of positive relationships between HTC and water regime parameters, differentiated by maturity groups: early genotypes showed a higher sensitivity of water recovery processes to moisture availability (r ≈ 0.90), middle-early genotypes were characterized by moderate and stable correlations, while mid-ripening genotypes displayed the lowest correlation coefficients, reflecting their relative independence from fluctuations in hydrothermal conditions. Hierarchical clustering divided the potato genotype collection into two main groups based on water-exchange strategies: Cluster I (n = 26) with elevated water retention and recovery coefficients (WRC = 69.7 ± 1.9 %, WReC = 98.2 ± 2.4 %) and Cluster II (n = 19) with moderate values (WRC = 64.2 ± 3.1 %, WReC = 91.3 ± 2.8 %). Genotypes and divergent forms with WReC exceeding 100 % were identified. Among the promising sources for drought resistance breeding, the following hybrids were highlighted: (P.14.3/5, P.16.50-16, P.17.44-1, P.19.15-16, P.17.24-26, P.15.56-10, P.17.29/21, P.17.38/16, P.15.5/27, P.17.20-13, P.13.52-11, P.13.42/3, P.17.34/8, P.17.30-3, P.17.39/22) and varieties (Tyras, Mezhyrichka 11, Opillia, Zhytnytsia, Myroslava, Lietana). The obtained results confirm the effectiveness of using water retention and recovery coefficients as markers for assessing the adaptive potential of genotypes and provide a scientific foundation for improving breeding programs towards enhancing potato resistance to abiotic stress.
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