Phagocytic activity of leukocytes in pigs exposed to nanoaquachelates considering autonomic nervous system types
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31210/spi2026.29.01.18Keywords:
feed additives, productive animals, immunity, blood, dietAbstract
The development and evaluation of feed additives that ensure the stability of the immune system in pigs is a pressing issue today, as technological stress has a negative impact on this indicator. The aim of the study was to determine changes in the phagocytic activity of leukocytes when using nanoaquachelates in pigs, taking into account the individual characteristics of their organisms. The groups of animals were formed using a variational-pulsometric study, which resulted in three groups: sympathotonics, vagotonics, and normotonics, which were then divided into control and experimental groups. The experimental groups were given a mixture of nanoaquachelates at a dose of 3 mg/day of iron and 0.01 mg/day of germanium per head. The results of phagocytic activity of leukocytes were evaluated using a spectrophotometer, and the results obtained were calculated using a calibration graph. According to the data obtained, it was established that in normotonic animals of the experimental group, compared to the control group, on day 40, leukocyte activity was 6.5 % higher (P<0.01), and on day 70 of the study, this indicator was 6.2 % higher (P<0.01). In vagotonic patients in the experimental group, compared to the control group, there was an increase in the indicator by 5.2 % (P<0.05) after 40 days and by 6.4 % (P<0.01) at the end of 70 days. In sympathotonics in the experimental group compared to the control group, there was an increase in the indicator on day 40 of 4.7 % (P<0.01) and on day 70 of 4.8 % (P<0.01). According to the results of the study, it was found that, depending on the individual characteristics of the pigs' organism, the indicators of phagocytic activity of leukocytes when using a feed additive differ in their values, which is caused by the activity of the autonomic nervous system. Further research involves determining the appropriate doses of nanoaquachelates for each group individually in order to achieve the greatest effectiveness of the modified diet in terms of the immune system.
References
1. Bujňák, L., Hreško Šamudovská, A., Mudroňová, D., Naď, P., Marcinčák, S., Maskaľová, I., Harčárová, M., Karaffová, V., & Bartkovský, M. (2023). The effect of dietary humic substances on cellular immunity and blood characteristics in piglets. Agriculture, 13 (3), 636. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13030636
2. Chen, J., Wang, H., Ma, Y., Zhang, Y., Wang, S., & Zang, J. (2022). Effects of the methionine hydroxyl analog chelated microminerals on growth performance, antioxidant status, and immune response of growing–finishing pigs. Animal Science Journal, 93 (1), e13730. https://doi.org/10.1111/asj.13730
3. Chen, J., Xu, Y.-R., Kang, J.-X., Zhao, B.-C., Dai, X.-Y., Qiu, B.-H., & Li, J.-L. (2022). Effects of alkaline mineral complex water supplementation on growth performance, inflammatory response, and intestinal barrier function in weaned piglets. Journal of Animal Science, 100 (10). https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac251
4. Christensen, B., Zhu, C., Mohammadigheisar, M., Schulze, H., Huber, L.-A., & Kiarie, E. G. (2022). Growth performance, immune status, gastrointestinal tract ecology, and function in nursery pigs fed enzymatically treated yeast without or with pharmacological levels of zinc. Journal of Animal Science, 100 (4). https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac094
5. Czech, A., Klimiuk, K., & Sembratowicz, I. (2023). The effect of thyme herb in diets for fattening pigs on their growth performance and health. Plos One, 18 (10), e0291054. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0291054
6. Deng, Z.-C., Wang, J., Wang, J., Yan, Y.-Q., Huang, Y.-X., Chen, C.-Q., Sun, L.-h., & Liu, M. (2024). Tannic acid extracted from gallnut improves intestinal health with regulation of redox homeostasis and gut microbiota of weaned piglets. Animal Research and One Health, 2 (1), 16–27. https://doi.org/10.1002/aro2.51
7. Deng, Z., Duarte, M. E., Kim, S. Y., Hwang, Y., & Kim, S. W. (2023). Comparative effects of soy protein concentrate, enzyme-treated soybean meal, and fermented soybean meal replacing animal protein supplements in feeds on growth performance and intestinal health of nursery pigs. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 14 (1), 89. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-023-00888-3
8. Deng, Z., Jang, K. B., Jalukar, S., Du, X., & Kim, S. W. (2023). Efficacy of feed additive containing bentonite and enzymatically hydrolyzed yeast on intestinal health and growth of newly weaned pigs under chronic dietary challenges of fumonisin and aflatoxin. Toxins, 15 (7), 433. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15070433
9. Council of Europe. (1986, March 18). European convention for the protection of vertebrate animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes (ETS No.123). https://rm.coe.int/168007a67b
10. Forouzandeh, A., Blavi, L., Pérez, J. F., D’Angelo, M., González-Solé, F., Monteiro, A., Stein, H. H., & Solà-Oriol, D. (2022). How copper can impact pig growth: comparing the effect of copper sulfate and monovalent copper oxide on oxidative status, inflammation, gene abundance, and microbial modulation as potential mechanisms of action. Journal of Animal Science, 100 (9). https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac224
11. Ministry of Education and Science, Youth and Sports of Ukraine. (2012, March 1). Pro zatverdzhennia Poriadku provedennia naukovymy ustanovamy doslidiv, eksperymentiv na tvarynah [On approval of the Procedure for conducting research and experiments on animals by scientific institutions]. https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/card/z0416-12 [in Ukrainian]
12. Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. (2006, February 21). Pro zakhyst tvaryn vid zhorstokoho povodzhennia [On the protection of animals from cruelty] (Law No. 3447-IV). https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/3447-15 [in Ukrainian]
13. Liao, S. F., Ji, F., Fan, P., & Denryter, K. (2024). Swine gastrointestinal microbiota and the effects of dietary amino acids on its composition and metabolism. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25 (2), 1237. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25021237
14. Menchikov, L. G., & Popov, A. V. (2023). Physiological activity of trace element germanium including anticancer properties. Biomedicines, 11 (6), 1535. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11061535
15. Meng, Q., Zhang, Y., Li, J., Shi, B., Ma, Q., & Shan, A. (2022). Lycopene affects intestinal barrier function and the gut microbiota in weaned piglets via antioxidant signaling regulation. The Journal of Nutrition, 152 (11), 2396–2408. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxac208
16. Ortega, A. D. S. V., Babinszky, L., Oriedo, O. H., Csernus, B., Ozsváth, X. E., Czeglédi, L., Oláh, J., & Szabó, C. (2023). Impact of heat stress length and dietary antioxidant supplementation on the nutrient digestibility, metabolism and immune response of fattening pigs. Annals of Agricultural Sciences, 68 (1), 87–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aoas.2023.06.002
17. Palomares, R. A. (2022). Trace minerals supplementation with great impact on beef cattle immunity and health. Animals, 12 (20), 2839. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12202839
18. Stefanache, A., Lungu, I.-I., Butnariu, I.-A., Calin, G., Gutu, C., Marcu, C., Grierosu, C., Bogdan Goroftei, E. R., Duceac, L.-D., Dabija, M. G., Popa, F., & Damir, D. (2023). Understanding how minerals contribute to optimal immune function. Journal of Immunology Research, 2023, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/3355733
19. Szabó, C., Kachungwa Lugata, J., & Ortega, A. D. S. V. (2023). Gut health and influencing factors in pigs. Animals, 13 (8), 1350. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13081350
20. Wang, S.-Q., Peng, Z., Sun, H., Han, Y.-M., Zhang, B., Pineda, L., Boerboom, G., Sun, L.-h., Liu, Y., & Deng, Z.-C. (2024). Evaluating the impact of an organic trace mineral mix on the redox homeostasis, immunity, and performance of sows and their offspring. Biological Trace Element Research, 203 (4), 1798–1807. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-024-04300-7
21. Wen, Y., Li, R., Piao, X., Lin, G., & He, P. (2022). Different copper sources and levels affect growth performance, copper content, carcass characteristics, intestinal microorganism and metabolism of finishing pigs. Animal Nutrition, 8, 321–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2021.10.007
22. Weyh, C., Krüger, K., Peeling, P., & Castell, L. (2022). The role of minerals in the optimal functioning of the immune system. Nutrients, 14 (3), 644. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030644
23. Xiong, Y., Cui, B., He, Z., Liu, S., Wu, Q., Yi, H., Zhao, F., Jiang, Z., Hu, S., & Wang, L. (2023). Dietary replacement of inorganic trace minerals with lower levels of organic trace minerals leads to enhanced antioxidant capacity, nutrient digestibility, and reduced fecal mineral excretion in growing-finishing pigs. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 10, 1142054. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2023.1142054
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 П. С. Химинець, В. І. Карповський, О. В. Журенко, Р. В. Нагорець, Р. В. Греля, І. А. Грищук, П. В. Карповський, О. О. Ковальчук
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
